"LM3 includes multilayer representations of temperature, liquid water content, and ice content of both snowpack and macroporous soil–bedrock; topography-based description of saturated area and groundwater discharge; and transport of runoff to the ocean via a global river and lake network."
"Additionally, the water-resource relevance of a model is enhanced by explicit treatment of groundwater and surface water stores, including lakes and rivers. Given these considerations, we developed a new land model, LM3, which includes enhanced conceptualizations of snowpack, subsurface water, canopy biophysics, rivers, and lakes. "
"Lakes are characterized by changing depth d and vertical profiles of temperature and ice content. Lakes (including lake ice) receive water from melting of snowpack above lake ice, from precipitation, and from river inflows. For large lakes that span more than one grid cell, lake levels are kept equal across cells. "
"Lake temperatures change as a result of stabilitydependent vertical diffusion, following HendersonSellers (1985) and Hostetler and Bartlein (1990), but with addition of a constant Kl to the vertical eddy diffusivity to crudely parameterize the unresolved effects of three-dimensional mixing in large, deep lakes."
- An Enhanced Model of Land Water and Energy for Global Hydrologic and Earth-System Studies